English Grammar

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

TENSES

1.      PRESENT TENSE

a.       Simple Present Tense

Simple Present tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang atau kebiasaan (kegiatan sehari-hari-daily activity) dan kebenaran yang umum (general truth).

Rumus untuk kalimat yang menggunakan simple present tense adalah:

1)      Type 1

UNTUK SUBJECT (PELAKU) I, YOU, WE, THEY

·         Kalimat positif:

Subject (I, YOU, WE, THEY) + Verb1 (kata kerja ke 1) + complement (pelengkap)

·         Kalimat negatif:

Subject (I, YOU, WE, THEY) + DO NOT + Verb 1 + complement

·         Kalimat tanya:

Do + Subject + Verb 1 + complement

                            

Kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan W+H Question:

W+H Question + do + subject + Verb 1 + complement

Examples:

·         Kalimat positif:

They always play badminton at 7 am.

(mereka selalu bermain bulutangkis pada jam 7.)

·         Kalimat negatif:

They do not always play badminton at 7 am.

(mereka tidak ...............................................)

·         Kalimat tanya:

ü  Do they always play badminton at 7 am? Yes, they do.

(apakah mereka selalu..................................)

Pertanyaan di atas membutuhkan jawaban yes or no. It is called yes no question.

ü  What do they always do/play at 7 am?

(apa yang selalu mereka lakukan/mainkan pada jam 7?)

      The question above needs explanation, not yes or no answer.

List of frequency adverbs (kata keterangan waktu) usually used in simple present tense:

Nb.	Word	Meaning
1.	Always	Selalu
2.	Usually	Biasanya
3.	Often	Sering
4.	Sometimes	Kadang-kadang
5.	Seldom	Jarang
6.	Rarely	Jarang
7.	Never	Tidak pernah

UNTUK SUBJECT HE, SHE, IT

·         Positive Sentence:

Subject (HE, SHE, IT) + Verb1 + S/ES+ complement

·         Negative Sentence:

Subject (HE, SHE, IT) + DOES NOT + Verb 1 + complement

·         Interrogative Sentence:

Does + Subject + Verb 1 + complement

Kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan W+H Question:

W+H Question + does + subject + Verb 1 + complement

Examples:

·         Positive:

She likes her pet very much.

·         Negative:

She does not like her pet very much.

·         Interrogative:

ü  Does she like her pet very much? Yes, she does atau no, she doesn’t.

ü  Why does she like her pet very much?

Perubahan kata kerja untuk subject he, she, it dalam simple present tense:

Nb.	Words	Changing	Meaning
1.	Visit Answer Speak Talk Read Eat Feed	Visits Aswers Speaks Talks  Reads Eats  Feeds	Mengunjungi Menjawab Berbicara Berbicara Membaca Makan Memberi makan
2.	Hope Writes  Like Hate Rise	Hopes Writes Likes Hates Rises	Berharap Menulis  Suka Benci Terbit
3.	Happen Occur Sleep	Happens Occurs Sleeps	Terjadi Terjadi Tidur
4.	Catch Wash Pass Fix Buzz	Catches Washes Passes Fixes Buzzes	Menangkap Mencuci Melewati Memperbaiki
5.	Do Go Have	Does Goes Has	Mengerjakan Pergi Mempunyai
6.	Study Try Cry	Studies Tries  Cries	Belajar Mencoba Menangis
7.	Pay Buy Play Say	Pays Buys Plays Says	Membayar Membeli Bermain Berkata

More examples:

o   The sun rises in the north.

(Matahari terbit di sebelah timur)

o   The students usually go to school by bus.

2)      Type 2

·         Positive Sentence:

Subject + TO BE (AM, IS, ARE) + complement.

·         Negative Sentence:

Subject  + TO BE (AM, IS, ARE) + not + complement

·         Interrogative sentence:

ü  TO BE (AM, IS, ARE) + S   + complement?

Kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan W+H Question:

ü  W+H Question + does + subject + Verb 1 + complement?

Notes:

Nb.	Subject (S)	To be (kata bantu)	Meaning
1.	I	Am	Saya
2.	You	Are	Kamu, kalian
3.	We	Are	Kami, kita
4.	They	Are	Mereka
5.	He	Is	Dia (uncle, father, Yusuf, Ali, Policeman)
6.	She	Is	Dia (aunt, mother, Zulaikha, Fathimah, Policewoman)
7.	It	Is	Dia (Pen, book, pet, cat, door)

Examples:

·         Positive Sentence:

She is hungry.

(Dia lapar)

·         Negative Sentence:

She is not hungry.

(Dia tidak lapar)

·         Interrogative sentence:

Is she hungry? Yes, she is atau no, she isn’t.

The question above needs (membutuhkan) jawaban yes or no answer.

Kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan W+H Question:

Why is she hungry?

Why are you sad (sedih)?

Kata pelengkap (complement) untuk dipakai setelah to be bisa jadi adverb (kata keterangan), adjective (kata sifat) atau noun (kata benda).

List of words

Nb.	Part of speech	Word	Meaning
1.	Adjective	Big Small Thin Pretty Beautiful Smart Rich	Besar Kecil Kurus Cantik Indah Pintar Kaya
2.	Adverb	In the class At the beach In Pangkal Pinang Here There Above Outside Inside Quickly Easily	Di dalam kelas Di pantai Di Pangkal Pinang Di sini Di sana Di atas Di luar Di dalam Dengan cepat Dengan mudah
3.	Noun	Book Person Animal Vehicle Job Flower Score Food Fruit	Buku Orang Binatang Kendaraan Pekerjaan Bunga Skor Makanan Buah-buahan

Examples:

That is a very good car (mobil).

They are very smart.

The elephant (gajah) is big.

Why are you here? I am a teacher here.

Where are they? They are in the class.

Is he thin? No, she is not. She is fat.

b.      Present progressive (continuous) tense

Present progressive (continuous) tense is used to express pekerjaan atau kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan atau sedang berlangsung.

Rumus untuk merangkai kalimat dalam bentuk present continuous tense is:

a)      Positive sentence:

S + to be + Verb + ing + complement

e.g:

We are reading books in the library.

(Kami sedang membaca buku di perpus.)

b)      Negative sentence:

S + to be + not + Verb + ing + complement

e.g:

We are not reading books in the library.

c)      Interrogative sentence:

To be + S + Verb + ing + complement

e.g:

Are we reading books in the library?

The other examples:

What are you doing?

Who are you waiting for?

(Kamu menunggu siapa?)

List of verbs for continuous tense

Nb.	Verb	V+ing	Meaning
1.	Read Apply Watch Call Go Cry Sing Play	Reading Applying Watching Calling Going Crying Singing Playing	Membaca Menggunakan Menonton Memanggil Pergi Menangis Menyanyi Bermain
2.	Write Prepare Give Make Drive Shine	Writing Preparing Giving Making Driving Shining	Menulis Menyiapkan Memberi Membuat Mengendarai Bersinar
3.	Cut Sit Get Put Jog Swim	Cutting Sitting Getting Putting Jogging Swimming	Memotong Duduk Mendapatkan Meletakkan Berlari keci; Berenang
4.	Occur Begin Submit	Occuring Beginning Submitting	Terjadi Memulai Mengumpulkan
5.	Cancel Control Expel	Cancelling Controlling Expelling	Membatalkan Mengawasi Menghembuskan
6.	Die Tie Lie	Dying Tying Lying	Meninggal Mengikat Berbohong

But, there are verbs that cannot be changed into v+ing. Ada beberapa kata kerja yang tidak bisa dirubah ke dalam bentuk v+ing:

Verb	Meaning
Hear See Believe Understand Know Be Exist Own Possess Belong Need Want Prefer Like Hate Love Forget Remember Have	Mendengar Melihat Percaya Mengerti Mengetahui Ada Ada Memiliki Memiliki Milik Butuh Ingin Lebih suka Suka Benci Cinta Lupa, melupakan Ingat Memiliki

c.       Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is used to express kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tertentu di masa lampau.

1)      Verbal Sentence

Untuk Subject I, YOU, WE, THEY

·         + Sentence:

Subject + HAVE + VERB 3 + Complement

e.g:

You have arrived at my house just now.

(Kamu baru saja tiba di rumah saya.)

·         - Sentence:

Subject + have not + verb 3 + complement

e.g:                                   

I have not arrived at my house yet.

(Saya belum sampai di rumah saya.)

·         ? Sentence:

Have + subject + verb 3 + complement?

Have you arrived at your house? No, I haven’t.

Apakah kamu sudah tiba di rumahmu?

Other examples:

What have you done?

Apa yang telah kamu lakukan?

Who has ever gone to Semarang?

Siapa yang sudah pernah ke Semarang?

I have studied at STAIN since 2008.

I’ve just phoned her.

(Saya baru saja menelponnya).

Untuk Subject He, She, It

(+) sentence:

Subect + has + verb 3 + complement

e.g:

She has already got married.

Dia sudah menikah.

(-) Sentence:

Subject + has not + verb 3 + complement

e.g:

She has not got married yet.

Dia belum menikah.

(?) Sentence:

Has + subject + verb 3 + complement?

e.g:

Has she moved to Jakarta? Yes, she has.

Apakah dia sudah pindah ke Jakarta? Ya, dia telah pindah.

Other examples:

The teacher has abandoned the school for three weeks.

Guru itu telah meninggalkan sekolah itu selama tiga minggu.

2)      Nominal sentence

Untuk Subject I, YOU, WE, THEY

(+): S + have + been + complement

(-): S + have + not been + complement

(?): Have + S + been + complement?

e.g:

We have been here for three days.

Kami telah ada di sini selama tiga hari.

Untuk Subject SHE, HE, IT

S + has + been + complement

e.g:

He has been a doctor since 2007.

d)     Present Perfect Continous Tense

Bentuk tense yang menjelaskan kejadian yang telah berlangsung dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.

(+): S + have/has + been + verb 1+ ing + complement

(-): S + have/has + not been + verb 1 + ing + complement

(?): Have/has + S + been + verb 1 + ing + complement?

e.g:

I have been waiting for you for three hours.

(saya telah menunggumu selama 3 jam)

2.      PAST TENSE

a)      Simple past tense

Simple Past tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian pada masa lampau.

Verbal sentence:

(+): S + verb 2 + complement

(-): S + did not + verb 1 + complement

(?): Did + S + verb 1 + complement?

Examples:

(+): My brother gave me a lot of money yesterday.

(-): My brother did not give me a lot of money yesterday.

(?): Did my brother give me a lot of money yesterday?

What did you do yesterday?? (Apa yang kamu lakukan kemarin?)

Adverb of time used in past tense:

Yesterday, last year, last....., two days ago,......ago, in 1990 (year).

Nominal sentence:

·         (+): S (I, He, She, It) + was + complement

(-): S + was not + complement

(?): Was + S + complement?

·         (+): S (You, We, They) + were complement

(-): S + were not + complement

(?): Were + S + complement?

Examples:

It was my book.

You were not happy.

Why were you absent (tidak hadir) yesterday?

I was absent because I couldn’t (tidak bisa) get any car.

b)      Past continuous tense

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau ketika kejadian yang lain juga berlangsung.

Form:

S + to be (was/were) + Ving+ complement

e.g:

I was sleeping when you came to my house.

They were jogging while their mother was cooking.

3.      FUTURE TENSE

a)      Simple future tense

Simple future tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian/pekerjaan/kegiatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.

Rumus:

Verbal sentence:

(+): S + will + verb 1 + complement

(-): S + will not (won’t) + verb 1 + complement

(?): Will + S + verb 1 + complement?

e.g:

I will go as I want.

Saya akan pergi sesuai dengan keinginan saya.

Nominal sentence:

(+): S + will be + complement

(-): S + will not (won’t) be + complement

(?): Will + S+ be + complement?

She will be a famous singer.

Will she be a famous singer?

TO BE GOING TO

Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pekerjaan atau kegiatan yang benar-benar akan dilakukan.

(+): S + to be + going to + verb 1 + complement

(-): S + to be + not + going to + verb 1 + complement

(?): to be + S + going to + verb 1 + complement?

e.g:

We are going to have lunch after this lesson.

Kami akan segera makan siang setelah pelajaran ini.

Informal form:

We’re gonna leave now.

(kami akan segera berangkat sekarang.)

b)      Past future tense

Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kegiatan/pekerjaan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.

Form:

Verbal sentence:

(+): S + would + V1+ complement

(-): S + would not + V1 + complement

(?): Would + S + V1 + complement?

e.g:

If I were you, I would let him go.

Jika saya kamu, saya akan membiarkannya pergi.

Nominal sentence:

(+): S + would be + complement

(-): S + would not + be + complement

(?): Would + S + be + complement?

e.g:

You would not be like this if you followed my suggestion.

(kamu tak akan jadi seperti ini jika kamu mengikuti nasehat saya.)

What would you do if you were in that condition?

(apa yang akan kamu lakukan jika kamu berada dalam kondisi itu?)

More Information:

Ada banyak mobil yang sedang parkir di depan kampus.....

Apa ya in English??

Ada: there

Banyak: a lot of

Mobil: car → cars (banyak mobil)

Sedang parkir: parking

Di depan kampus: in front of campus

Mari kita susun by using simple present tense.

S + TO BE + Complement

There are a lot parking cars in front of campus.

Menggunakan are karena car-nya jamak (cars).

Daftar Perubahan Kata Kerja

Nb.	Verb 1	Verb 2	Verb 3	Meaning
1.	Cook Watch Try Play Copy Invite Request Order Allow Reach	Cooked Watched Tried Played Copied Invited Requested Ordered Allowed Reached	Cooked Watched Tried Played Copied Invited Requested Ordered Allowed Reached	Memasak Menonton Mencoba Bermain Mengkopi Mengundang Memohon Memerintahkan Mengizinkan  Mencapai
2.	Sleep Sweep Read Write Let Tell Drive Eat Swim Understand Go Drink Have Speak Forget Hurt Get	Slept Swept Read Wrote Let Told Drove Ate Swam Understood Went Drank Had  Spoke Forgot Hurt Got	Slept Swept Read Written Let Told Driven Eaten Swum Understood Gone Drunk Had Spoken Forgotten Hurt Got/gotten	Tidur Menyapu Membaca Menulis Membiarkan Menceritakan Mengendarai Makan Berenang Mengerti Pergi Minum Memiliki Berbicara Lupa Melukai Mendapatkan